“Although hypnosis experienced waves of favor and disfavor at various times in various countries, artificial somnambulism was the primary means of gaining access to the unconscious from 1784 to about 1880. In fact, hypnotism was referred to as the via regia, or royal road, to the unconscious. Two models of the human mind emerged from the study and practice of magnetism and hypnosis: the concept of the duality of the mind, also known as dipsychism or double ego, and later the concept of the mind as composed of a cluster of subpersonalities or parts, also known as polypsychism. These two models had a tremendous impact on dynamic psychiatry. Janet’s concept of the subconscious and Freud’s first formulation of the unconscious as the totality of repressed memories and tendencies were derived quite clearly from the notion of dipsychism. Freud’s later tripartite model is, of course, an example of polypsychism. Despite these important contributions, hypnotism fell into disfavor at the end of the 19th century, when anything that related to hysteria, hypnosis, or suggestion was eyed with increasing suspicion (Ellenberger, 1970).”